Journal: Scientific Reports
Article Title: Barium titanate piezoelectric nanoparticles induce M1 polarization in mouse macrophages via ultrasound in vitro
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-23364-6
Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Fluorescence images of RAW264.7 cells under different conditions demonstrating bioelectrically-driven differentiation of M0 monocytes into M1 phenotype macrophages. Phase (Column 1), DAPI staining intensity (Column 2), and iNOS staining intensity (Column 3) are shown. Row 1 shows biochemical treatment with IFN-γ + LPS that drives M0 to M1. Row 2 shows positive iNOS intensity effect with pzNP and uS (+ NP, + uS). Rows 3, 4 and 5 represent controls with less/negligible iNOS staining intensity: with pzNPs and without uS (+ NP, –uS, Row 3), without pzNPs and with uS (–NP, + uS, Row 4), and without pzNPs or uS (-NP, -uS, Row 5). Note that the bioelectric combination of pzNP uptake and uS inducing iNOS expression in Row 2 is similar to biochemical treatment with IFN-γ + LPS in Row 1, both indicative of M0→M1 differentiation. ( B ) Average mean iNOS fluorescence intensity of cells within regions of interest from sets of n = 3 fluorescent images quantified using FIJI/ImageJ, for each NP/uS condition shown, plus that for IFN-γ + LPS. A p value > 0.1 (indicated as NS , for Not Significant) was determined via a t -test comparing the IFN-γ + LPS and (+ NP, + uS) data, while p < 0.01 (indicated as **) when comparing those with the three control data sets, as determined via ANOVA analysis. See text and Statistical Analysis for details.
Article Snippet: Then, a primary rabbit polyclonal antibody against mouse iNOS (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers MA, no. 68186) or mouse arginase (Cell Signaling Technology, no. 93668), a marker for M1, was incubated overnight in PBS (1:500 dilution) at 4 °C.
Techniques: Fluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Control